Understanding Male Infertility: Causes, Diagnosis, and Treatment Approaches

Male infertility is not typically classified as a disease, but it carries a significant psychological burden for those affected. The emotional stress involved can be so intense that it impairs a man’s ability to function effectively at work. Additionally, the pressure to maintain intimacy within a marriage often becomes a scheduled obligation, which can contribute to erectile dysfunction and a decreased desire to initiate sexual activity.

In contrast to the widespread advertising of pills that claim to increase penis size for sexual pleasure, many men face the far more pressing and complex issue of being unable to father children. When addressing male infertility, it is essential to consider all potential factors contributing to the problem, as it is a multifaceted condition.

Infertility often brings considerable emotional challenges, with nearly half of infertile men experiencing depression, grief, or feelings of inadequacy. Relationship difficulties are also common, emphasizing the importance of counseling and support groups. While such resources are easily accessible in many developed countries, men in other regions frequently conceal their infertility struggles due to social stigma.

A thorough review of the man’s medical history is a crucial starting point. This includes determining how long infertility has been diagnosed and what diagnostic or treatment measures have been attempted. It is important to explore childhood health issues such as undescended testicles, noting when the diagnosis was made and when treatment occurred, as these details can influence the cause of infertility.

Past infections, especially sexually transmitted infections, must be documented along with their treatment timelines. The number and type of infections are relevant, and further investigations may be necessary to detect any lingering effects. Medication history is also important, particularly the use of antibiotics and hormones like testosterone, which some men mistakenly believe enhance sexual performance but can sometimes cause irreversible damage if misused.

Exposure to toxins, especially in men working in chemical or petrochemical industries, can lead to gradual testicular damage due to prolonged contact with harmful substances. This occupational hazard is a significant consideration in evaluating infertility.

Physical examination is essential to assess body type, hair distribution, and overall physical condition. For example, a man with obesity and a protruding abdomen at age 35 is generally less likely to be fertile than a lean man of the same age and weight around 65 kilograms. Such observations help determine physical fitness, which can impact fertility.

Laboratory tests begin with semen analysis, which is fundamental in diagnosing male infertility. This test evaluates semen volume, sperm concentration, motility, and morphology, usually requiring two to three samples collected over several months. Normal semen volume ranges between two and five milliliters, and sperm counts typically range from 20 to 200 million per milliliter. Counts below 15 million are considered low (oligospermia) and can be classified as mild, moderate, or severe. A complete absence of sperm is known as azoospermia. If sperm count is low, further analysis helps identify whether the cause is reduced sperm production due to surgery, hormonal imbalance, or past infections, or increased sperm destruction possibly caused by ongoing infections.

Hormonal testing measures testosterone, follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, and prolactin levels to evaluate endocrine function. Abnormal hormone levels guide further investigation and treatment. Imaging studies, such as scrotal ultrasound, detect varicoceles or blockages in the spermatic cord or seminiferous tubules. Transrectal ultrasound is useful for identifying ejaculatory duct abnormalities. In azoospermic men, a testicular biopsy may be necessary to assess sperm production capability.

Genetic testing can confirm conditions like Klinefelter’s syndrome, allowing for appropriate counseling and preventing unnecessary, costly treatments. Treatment depends on the underlying cause and may include lifestyle changes such as weight reduction, smoking cessation, and limiting alcohol intake to improve sperm quality and hormonal balance. Stress reduction also aids in restoring reproductive hormone levels.

Medical treatments include hormone therapy for hypogonadism or pituitary disorders and antibiotics for infections affecting sperm production. Dietary improvements involving antioxidant-rich foods like berries, nuts, and leafy greens can help protect sperm from oxidative damage. Some infertility issues are treatable with surgery, although such procedures can be expensive and are available only in specialized centers.

How Fertility and Period-Tracking Apps Backed by Celebrities Are Linked to a Rise in Abortions

Fertility and period-tracking apps, often promoted by celebrities and influencers, are being linked to a significant increase in abortions. These apps, endorsed by stars from popular shows like "Love Island", "The Only Way Is Essex (TOWIE)", and "Coronation Street", have gained widespread popularity, particularly among younger women. However, their use as a primary method of contraception has raised concerns, with studies showing a sharp rise in unintended pregnancies and subsequent abortions among users.  

Recent data reveals that 69% of Gen Z women aged 18 to 24 have used these apps to monitor their menstrual cycles, ovulation, and fertility windows. While the apps are designed to help women understand their bodies, many are turning to them as an alternative to hormonal contraceptives. This shift has led to a six-fold increase in the number of women seeking abortions after relying on fertility awareness-based methods over the past five years.  

Celebrities and influencers have played a significant role in popularizing these apps. For instance, "Love Island" star Molly-Mae Hague shared her experience using the Flo app, which boasts over 420 million users worldwide, during an Instagram Q&A in 2022. While she clarified that she did not recommend it as a foolproof contraceptive method, her endorsement likely influenced many of her 8.5 million followers. Similarly, Olivia Bowen, another "Love Island" alum, promoted the Natural Cycles app, describing it as a “non-hormonal, non-invasive birth control method” to her three million followers.  

Despite the endorsements, these apps are not without risks. Flo, for example, explicitly states that it should not be used as a contraceptive method. However, many users, like Amanda Duddridge, a 39-year-old teaching assistant from South Wales, have relied on it for this purpose. Amanda became pregnant with her third child while using Flo, despite carefully tracking her cycle. She now warns others to be cautious, emphasizing that the apps’ disclaimers are often overlooked, especially when promoted by celebrities.  

Natural Cycles, another popular app, markets itself as a “natural birth control” option, free from hormones and side effects. It uses body temperature monitoring to predict fertility and claims to be 93% effective with typical use and 98% effective with perfect use. However, its reliance on user input and external factors like stress or illness can affect its accuracy. Celebrities like Olivia Attwood and Lucy Mecklenburgh have endorsed the app, with Attwood calling it the “golden ticket” for avoiding unplanned pregnancies.  

The rise in abortions linked to these apps has sparked concern among healthcare professionals. Data from the British Pregnancy Advisory Service shows a six-fold increase in women using fertility awareness-based methods at the time of conception between 2018 and 2023. During the same period, the use of hormonal contraceptives like the Pill declined by 7.5%. NHS figures also indicate that the use of natural family planning methods has more than doubled in the past decade. In 2022, England and Wales recorded 251,377 abortions, the highest number in nearly 60 years.  

Experts caution that while these apps can be useful for tracking menstrual cycles, they are not foolproof contraceptives. Dr. Raj Arora, an NHS GP and women’s health expert, explains that factors like stress, illness, and lifestyle changes can disrupt menstrual cycles, making it difficult for apps to accurately predict fertility. She emphasizes that relying solely on these apps for birth control increases the risk of unintended pregnancies.  

The FemTech industry, which includes fertility and period-tracking apps, has grown into a billion-dollar business. While these tools can empower women to understand their bodies, their promotion as contraceptive methods has raised ethical questions. Dr. Tamsin Lewis, a women’s health expert, warns that celebrity endorsements often lack medical scrutiny and urges users to read the fine print before relying on these apps.

The Truth About Mental Health: Breaking Down Stigmas and Building Resilience

Mental health is a topic that has long been shrouded in misconception and stigma, but the tide is finally turning. In recent years, there has been a growing awareness and openness around the realities of mental health challenges, and a concerted effort to destigmatize an issue that affects millions worldwide. 

The truth is, mental health exists on a spectrum, and everyone experiences ups and downs, good days and bad days. Clinical mental health conditions like depression, anxiety, PTSD, and bipolar disorder are more common than many realize - in fact, the National Institute of Mental Health estimates that nearly 1 in 5 American adults live with a mental illness. And those are just the diagnosed cases; many more struggle in silence, unaware of or unable to access the support they need.

Far too often, mental health issues are met with judgment, dismissal, or a troubling lack of understanding. Phrases like "just get over it" or "it's all in your head" reflect a fundamental misunderstanding of the complex neurological, physiological, and environmental factors that contribute to mental health challenges. The reality is, mental health conditions are real medical issues, no different than physical ailments, and they require compassionate, evidence-based treatment.

Compounding the problem is the fact that seeking help for mental health still carries a significant social stigma. Many people avoid getting the care they need due to fears of being seen as "weak" or "crazy." This toxic mindset not only prevents individuals from getting the support they deserve, but it perpetuates the cycle of shame and isolation that so often accompanies mental health struggles.

But change is on the horizon. Across society, there is a growing movement to normalize conversations around mental health, amplify diverse voices and experiences, and champion a more holistic, empathetic approach to wellbeing. Celebrities, athletes, and other public figures have been increasingly open about their own mental health journeys, helping to destigmatize the topic and inspire others to seek help. Schools, workplaces, and communities are also stepping up, implementing programs and policies to prioritize mental health education, reduce stress, and foster more supportive environments.

At the individual level, people are taking proactive steps to build resilience and prioritize their mental health. Practices like therapy, meditation, exercise, and cultivating strong social connections are becoming more mainstream, recognized for their ability to enhance mood, reduce anxiety, and promote overall wellness. And for those dealing with clinical conditions, advances in treatment - from talk therapy to medication to holistic approaches - are offering new hope and pathways to healing.

Of course, the work is far from done. Barriers to accessing quality, affordable mental healthcare remain a critical issue, particularly for marginalized communities. And there is still much progress to be made in shifting cultural attitudes and ensuring mental health is given the same priority as physical health. But the tide is turning, and a future where mental health is universally understood, embraced, and supported is within reach.

Ultimately, the truth about mental health is this: it is a fundamental part of the human experience, and addressing it head-on is an act of immense courage and self-care. By breaking down stigmas, seeking support, and building individual and communal resilience, we can create a world where mental wellness is the norm, not the exception. It's time to reframe the conversation, shatter the misconceptions, and cultivate a society that empowers us all to thrive, not just survive.

The Connection Between Nature and Wellness: How Spending Time Outdoors Can Transform Your Health

In our fast-paced, technology-driven world, it's easy to feel disconnected from the natural world. As we spend increasing amounts of time indoors, staring at screens and navigating the constant hum of modern life, the restorative power of nature can often feel out of reach. But the truth is, our physical and mental wellbeing are inextricably linked to the natural environment - and reclaiming that connection can have profoundly transformative effects.

Mounting scientific evidence has demonstrated the myriad benefits of spending time outdoors. From improved mood and reduced stress levels to better sleep and enhanced cognitive function, engaging with nature offers a wealth of wellness advantages that simply can't be replicated indoors. And the impact goes far beyond just feeling good in the moment; regular time outdoors has been shown to have long-term positive effects on both physical and mental health.

One of the most well-documented benefits of nature exposure is its ability to reduce stress and anxiety. Studies have found that even brief periods spent in green spaces can trigger the relaxation response, lowering heart rate, blood pressure, and levels of the stress hormone cortisol. This calming effect has been attributed to a variety of factors, including the soothing sights and sounds of nature, the fresh air and sunlight, and the opportunity to disconnect from the mental chatter and demands of daily life.

The restorative power of nature also extends to our mood and emotional wellbeing. Spending time outdoors has been linked to decreased symptoms of depression and anxiety, as well as heightened feelings of joy, calm, and overall life satisfaction. This seems to be particularly true when that time in nature involves physical activity, like hiking, gardening, or simply taking a leisurely stroll. The combination of movement, fresh air, and immersion in a natural setting appears to have a powerful antidepressant effect.

Beyond its mental health benefits, nature also has a profound impact on our physical wellbeing. Exposure to natural light, for example, helps regulate the body's circadian rhythms, improving sleep quality and duration. And the increased physical activity that often accompanies time outdoors - whether it's a vigorous hike or a relaxed wander through the park - can boost cardiovascular health, strengthen the immune system, and support healthy weight management.

Interestingly, research has also suggested that spending time in nature may have neuroprotective effects, potentially reducing the risk of cognitive decline and neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's. The exact mechanisms behind this are still being studied, but theories point to nature's ability to reduce stress, improve sleep, and enhance mood as key factors in supporting long-term brain health.

Of course, the specific benefits of nature exposure can vary depending on the individual, the type of outdoor activity, and the environment itself. Spending time in a peaceful forest, for example, may have a different effect than a walk through a bustling city park. And for those with certain health conditions or mobility challenges, accessing nature may require more intentionality and accommodation.

But the overwhelming evidence points to one clear conclusion: reconnecting with the natural world should be a priority for anyone seeking to optimize their physical and mental wellbeing. And the good news is, it doesn't have to be an all-or-nothing proposition. Even small, incremental steps - like taking a short lunchtime stroll, tending to a small garden, or simply opening the windows to let in more natural light - can yield substantial benefits.

Of course, the barriers to accessing nature can be very real, particularly for those living in dense urban areas or facing socioeconomic challenges. But creative solutions, like the growing movement towards "parklets," urban forests, and nature-based school and workplace programs, are helping to bridge that gap and make the restorative power of the outdoors more widely available.

Ultimately, the connection between nature and wellness is undeniable. By making a concerted effort to spend more time outside - whether it's a hike in the woods, a bike ride along the beach, or simply sitting under a shady tree - we can unlock profound improvements to our mental, physical, and cognitive health. It's a simple, powerful, and accessible prescription for wellbeing that has the potential to transform lives, communities, and even the planet itself.

So the next time you're feeling stressed, anxious, or just in need of a reset, consider stepping outside. Whether it's for five minutes or five hours, immersing yourself in the natural world can offer a much-needed respite and a pathway to a healthier, more fulfilling life. After all, as the famous naturalist John Muir once said, "Climb the mountains and get their good tidings. Nature's peace will flow into you as sunshine flows into trees." It's an invitation we would all do well to heed.

Anemia: What It Is, How to Identify It, and How to Treat It

Anemia is a condition where the body does not have enough healthy red blood cells or hemoglobin to carry oxygen effectively to the body's tissues. Hemoglobin is a protein found in red blood cells that is responsible for transporting oxygen from the lungs to all other organs in the body. Anemia can lead to symptoms like fatigue, weakness, and shortness of breath as reported by Mayor Clinic.

There are many different forms of anemia, each with its own unique cause. Anemia can be a short-term or long-term condition, ranging from mild to severe. It can also be an indicator of an underlying serious illness.

Treatments for anemia may involve taking supplements or undergoing medical procedures. In some cases, eating a healthy diet can help prevent certain types of anemia.

The symptoms of anemia depend on the underlying cause and the severity of the condition. Mild anemia may not cause any noticeable symptoms at first, but as the anemia worsens, symptoms typically appear and worsen as well. If another underlying disease is causing the anemia, the symptoms of that disease may initially mask the anemia. Certain types of anemia have symptoms that point to the specific cause.

Common symptoms of anemia include fatigue, weakness, shortness of breath, pale skin, rapid or irregular heartbeat, chest pain, dizziness, and headaches. If you are experiencing persistent fatigue or shortness of breath without a known cause, it is recommended to make an appointment with your healthcare provider.

Low hemoglobin levels are the primary indicator of anemia. Some people discover they have low hemoglobin when they attempt to donate blood and are deferred due to the low levels.

Anemia occurs when the blood does not have enough hemoglobin or red blood cells. This can happen for several reasons:

- The body is not producing enough red blood cells or hemoglobin

- Red blood cells are being destroyed faster than they can be replaced

- There is blood loss leading to a shortage of red blood cells

Red blood cells contain hemoglobin, an iron-rich protein that gives blood its red color and allows the cells to carry oxygen from the lungs to all parts of the body, as well as carry carbon dioxide back to the lungs. Red blood cells are produced in the bone marrow, which requires iron, vitamin B-12, folate, and other nutrients from the diet to create them.

The main causes of anemia include:

- Iron deficiency anemia - This is the most common type of anemia, caused by too little iron in the body, which is needed to make hemoglobin. Pregnant women, those with heavy menstrual bleeding, and those with internal bleeding are at higher risk.

- Vitamin deficiency anemia - A lack of folate or vitamin B-12 in the diet can prevent the body from producing enough healthy red blood cells.

- Anemia of inflammation - Chronic diseases that cause inflammation, like cancer, HIV/AIDS, rheumatoid arthritis, kidney disease, and Crohn's disease, can impair the body's ability to produce red blood cells.

- Aplastic anemia - A rare, life-threatening condition where the body does not produce enough new blood cells.

- Anemia related to bone marrow disease - Conditions that affect the bone marrow's ability to produce blood cells, like leukemia and myelofibrosis.

- Hemolytic anemias - Red blood cells are destroyed faster than the body can replace them, often due to blood cell diseases.

- Sickle cell anemia - An inherited form of hemolytic anemia where red blood cells become crescent-shaped and die prematurely.

Risk factors for anemia include a poor diet lacking in key nutrients, digestive issues that affect nutrient absorption, heavy menstrual periods, pregnancy, chronic conditions, family history of inherited anemias, infections, use of certain medications, and being over age 65.

Left untreated, anemia can lead to serious complications like severe fatigue, pregnancy problems, heart issues, and even death in severe cases. Preventing iron deficiency and vitamin deficiency anemias through a healthy, balanced diet is important.

Diagnosing anemia typically involves blood tests to measure hemoglobin and hematocrit levels, as well as tests to determine the size and shape of red blood cells. Additional tests may be needed to identify the underlying cause.

Treatment for anemia depends on the specific type. Iron deficiency anemia is usually treated with iron supplements and dietary changes. Vitamin deficiency anemias require supplementation of the missing nutrients. Anemia related to chronic diseases is managed by treating the underlying condition. Other types of anemia may require blood transfusions, bone marrow transplants, or medications.

In general, making an appointment with a healthcare provider is recommended if you are experiencing persistent fatigue, shortness of breath, or other unexplained symptoms that could be related to anemia. Prompt diagnosis and treatment are important to prevent complications.

Damaged by Deceit: Heartbreaking Stories of Men Affected by Paternity Fraud

Nigeria is facing a troubling trend of paternity fraud, where an alarming number of men are discovering that the children they have raised and loved are not biologically theirs as reported by Punch News. This issue has been thrust into the spotlight, leaving homes torn apart and families plunged into chaos as the fragile nature of family bonds is exposed.

The story of Olanrewaju Kolawole, a 44-year-old man who collapsed into a seven-day coma after DNA tests revealed he was not the father of any of his four children, has captivated audiences across Nigeria and the diaspora. Kolawole's tale of betrayal and heartbreak unfolded after 16 years of marriage to his wife, Toyin, who disputed the results, claiming she was not present when the samples were taken.

In another case, a crypto enthusiast, Stephen Moses, detailed how he discovered his first child was not biologically his. Moses, who got married in 2016, found out his son had a sickle cell genotype, leading him to conduct a DNA test that revealed the child was not his. His wife initially blamed "the enemy" and refused to take a maternity test, further fueling the controversy.

These stories are just the tip of the iceberg, as the latest report from a leading Lagos-based DNA testing center, Smart DNA, revealed that nearly 27% of paternity tests conducted by the center returned negative results. This means that more than one in four men tested were not the biological fathers of the children in question.

The report also highlighted an increase in DNA tests for immigration purposes, necessary for processing paperwork for children. Regarding gender dynamics, the data showed that men requested 88.2% of all tests, compared to 11.8% initiated by women.

Biotechnologist Benson Okorie emphasized the accuracy of DNA tests, stating that they are 99.9% reliable. He explained the testing process, which involves analyzing genetic markers to determine the child's relationship to the potential father and the person who gave birth to them.

Netizens reacted to the report, with many decrying the trend of paternity fraud and blaming it on sexual promiscuity and deceit. Some users suggested that the issue stems from a "nation of subdued, festering promiscuity" where married women secretly sleep with other men and pass off the children as their husbands'.

In response to the findings, the President of the non-profit organization One Love Foundation, Patrick Eholor, called for the National Assembly to pass a law making paternity tests compulsory after childbirth. He believes this would ensure fidelity among couples and prevent the trauma experienced by men who discover they are not the biological fathers of their children.

Legal practitioner Idam Maduabuchi explained that the current legal frameworks in Nigeria, such as the Matrimonial Causes Act and the Penal Code Act, do not adequately address the issue of paternity fraud. He suggested that victims of paternity fraud may have the right to seek damages under civil law, as the criminal laws in Nigeria do not consider it an offense.

Religious leaders, including a pastor and a Muslim cleric, condemned paternity fraud as a sin and a violation of religious teachings on adultery and fornication. However, an Ifa priest claimed that the Yoruba culture has traditional DNA methods to determine paternity, which are being abandoned in favor of modern religious practices.

The growing prevalence of paternity fraud in Nigeria has sparked intense discussions and calls for legislative action to address this issue, which has shattered the trust and stability of many families. As DNA testing becomes more accessible, the true scale of this problem is being unveiled, leading to a reckoning that demands urgent attention and solutions.

The Hidden Clues in Your Semen: What It Reveals About Your Health

Semen, like urine and stool, can provide important clues about a man's health. Variations in the color, texture, smell, and volume of semen can signal underlying health conditions. Understanding these signs can help men maintain their overall well-being and address potential issues early on as reported by CNN News.

Normal semen parameters include a sperm concentration of at least 15 million sperm per milliliter, with at least 40% of the sperm showing motility and 4% having normal morphology. Semen typically has a slightly thick, gel-like consistency and a faint, bleach-like smell due to its alkaline pH. The volume of ejaculate typically ranges from 1.5 to 5 milliliters per ejaculation.

Semen can change color for various reasons. Whitish-gray is the normal color, but semen can take on different hues when mixed with urine, blood, or other fluids in the urinary or reproductive tracts. Medications, supplements, and medical conditions like liver failure or jaundice can also alter semen color. Yellow or green semen may suggest an infection, while red or brown semen (hematospermia) is often benign, caused by inflammation, an enlarged prostate, or prolonged bike riding.

The texture and consistency of semen can also vary. Normal semen is slightly thick and gelatinous, so thick and clumpy semen might be a sign of dehydration or infection. Watery semen can indicate a low sperm count or frequent ejaculation.

Typically, semen has a light bleach or ammonia-like smell due to its alkaline pH. A strong or foul odor can be a red flag for infections such as bacterial prostatitis or sexually transmitted infections (STIs). A sweet smell may signal abnormal glucose levels, which could be a concern for diabetes.

The average volume of ejaculate ranges from 1.5 to 5 milliliters. Low volume can result from frequent ejaculation, low testosterone levels, or blockages in the reproductive tract. A high volume of semen may be due to prolonged abstinence or, in rare cases, an infection or inflammation.

While regular ejaculation is generally healthy, very frequent ejaculation can affect semen quality, leading to temporary reductions in sperm count and motility.

Painful ejaculation can be a symptom of prostatitis, urethritis, Peyronie's disease, or post-vasectomy pain syndrome. Up to 55% of men with chronic prostatitis may experience sexual dysfunction and/or pain during ejaculation, which can significantly impact their quality of life.

Lifestyle factors, such as diet, hydration, and overall health, can profoundly impact semen quality. Certain medications and supplements can also alter semen's appearance and quality.

Occasional changes in semen are usually not cause for concern, but persistent changes should be evaluated by a healthcare professional. Regular check-ups and open communication with a doctor are crucial for maintaining sexual health and addressing any issues early.

The Facts About Acne: Causes, Risk Factors, and Effective Treatments

Acne is a common skin condition that occurs when the hair follicles become clogged with oil and dead skin cells. This can lead to the development of whiteheads, blackheads, and pimples. Acne is most prevalent among teenagers, but it can affect people of all ages as reported by Mayor Clinic.

While effective treatments are available, acne can be persistent. Pimples and blemishes tend to heal slowly, and new ones often appear as others are clearing up. Depending on the severity, acne can cause emotional distress and lead to scarring.

Acne typically appears on the face, forehead, chest, upper back, and shoulders - areas with the highest concentration of oil glands. Plugged follicles can result in whiteheads or blackheads, while inflammation and infection within the follicles can lead to raised, red pimples.

Several key factors contribute to the development of acne:

1. Hormonal changes: Increased androgen hormones during puberty and other life stages can cause the oil glands to enlarge and produce more sebum.

2. Certain medications: Drugs containing corticosteroids, testosterone, or lithium can exacerbate acne.

3. Diet: Some evidence suggests that diets high in carbohydrates may worsen acne, though more research is needed.

4. Stress: While stress does not directly cause acne, it can make existing acne worse.

Contrary to common myths, factors like chocolate, grease, poor hygiene, and cosmetics have little to no effect on acne development.

Potential complications of acne include scarring, skin discoloration, and keloid formation - particularly in individuals with darker skin tones. Risk factors include age (most common in teens), hormonal changes, family history, and contact with oily substances.

Treatment for acne typically involves a combination of topical and oral medications. Topical options include retinoids, antibiotics, azelaic acid, and salicylic acid, which work to reduce oil production, kill bacteria, and prevent pore blockages. Oral medications like antibiotics, birth control pills, and isotretinoin (a derivative of vitamin A) are used for more severe cases.

In some cases, light-based therapies, chemical peels, cyst drainage, and steroid injections may also be utilized. Treatment regimens often need to be followed for several weeks or months before significant improvement is seen.

For children and adolescents with acne, topical benzoyl peroxide, adapalene, and tretinoin have been shown to be effective and safe. Consulting a pediatric dermatologist is recommended to determine appropriate treatments and monitor for any potential side effects or impacts on growth and development.

In addition to medical treatments, some alternative and integrative approaches may provide mild benefits, such as the use of tea tree oil or certain strains of brewer's yeast. However, more research is needed to establish the long-term efficacy and safety of these methods.

Self-care strategies can also help manage mild to moderate acne, including:

- Gentle cleansing with a mild soap or cleanser

- Avoiding harsh scrubs, astringents, and masks

- Using over-the-counter acne products with active ingredients like benzoyl peroxide or salicylic acid

- Protecting skin from sun exposure

- Minimizing friction or pressure on the skin

- Avoiding touching or picking at blemishes

Coping with the emotional and social impacts of acne is also important. Seeking support from family, counselors, or support groups can help manage stress and improve self-image. Early and effective treatment is key to reducing the risk of scarring and long-term damage to self-esteem.

Smartphone Use Does Not Increase Brain Cancer Risk, WHO Says

The World Health Organization (WHO) has analyzed the research and concluded that there is no link between smartphone use and brain cancer as reported by . Concerns about radiation from mobile devices have been around for decades, and in 2011 the WHO's cancer division classified it as possibly carcinogenic. 

However, a recent study reviewing research from as far back as 1994 found no connection between cell phone usage and cancer, even in heavy users. The incidence of brain cancers has not increased despite the explosion in wireless technology use.

An international team of 11 researchers examined 63 studies from 1994 to 2022 and determined that while wireless technology use has skyrocketed, the rates of related cancers have not risen accordingly. This was true even for people who had been using mobile phones for over 10 years or made frequent lengthy calls.

The review author, a cancer epidemiology professor, stated that none of the key research questions showed elevated cancer risks. Previous statements from the WHO and other health organizations have indicated insufficient evidence to conclude mobile phone radiation is a health risk, though they have called for further study.

In a separate statistic, the WHO reported that cardiovascular diseases kill 10,000 Europeans daily.

Noni Juice: A Powerful Medicinal Fruit

This Information is based on information provided by Punch News on June 23, 2024. Earlier this year, BBC Yoruba conducted an interview with a family who had fallen ill and even lost a member after consuming cassava peels. The woman interviewed explained that, due to a lack of food, she collected, dried, and processed cassava peels into a powder to make "Amala." This tragic story highlights the dangers of eating raw cassava, which contains toxic cyanide. Proper fermentation is necessary to make cassava safe for consumption. The current economic hardships are causing severe hunger, but it's important to stay hopeful that these tough times will eventually pass.

In 2021, I began a series on medicinal plants in Nigeria, which was quite extensive. Having recently discussed Stevia and Monk fruit, I am inspired to revisit this topic periodically, focusing on exotic medicinal plants whose seedlings are available for planting in Nigeria.

This week, we explore noni juice, derived from the Morinda citrifolia tree, a species in the coffee family found in the Pacific Islands, Southeast Asia, Australia, and India. Known as "starvation fruit," it was historically used as emergency food during famines. The noni tree is incredibly resilient, capable of regrowing after being burned and producing fruit year-round. In various cultures, noni fruit is consumed in different ways, such as fresh with salt, cooked in curry, or included in salads. The leaves are also used in dishes like Thai Kaeng bai-yo and Cambodian fish amok.

Traditionally, noni fruit is credited with preventing and curing numerous diseases by boosting the immune system and fighting infections. Polynesian healers have utilized it for centuries to treat conditions like diabetes, high blood pressure, arthritis, and infections. In Samoan and Hawaiian cultures, all parts of the noni plant are used medicinally.

I recently spoke with Mr. Damilare Adewuyi, the CEO of DAMADES GLOBAL RESOURCES, a noni plant grower in Nigeria. He mentioned that noni leaves are used for wound healing, arthritis, libido enhancement, and blood sugar regulation, among other benefits.

Noni has garnered attention as a dietary supplement, available in various forms such as juice, powders, cosmetics, and oils. Its juice is particularly popular; according to a 2018 review in the journal *Foods*, over 108 million gallons were consumed in 80 countries within twelve years of commercial availability.

Despite its pungent odor, likened to "cheese fruit" or "vomit fruit," noni's health benefits are significant. Garlic, similarly, owes its health properties to its strong-smelling compound, allicin. The odor in both cases is linked to their medicinal properties.

Dr. Manoj K. Ahuja from Fortis Hospital notes that noni fruit has been used medicinally for thousands of years, rich in antioxidants like Vitamin C, Vitamin A, Vitamin B3, and iron. Dr. Mona Harrison, a pediatrician, observes its broad health benefits across many bodily systems.

Research, such as the study by Dusanka Kitic et al., highlights noni's potential in cancer prevention and treatment, suggesting the need for further investigation. Another study by Brett J. West et al. underscores noni juice's superior antioxidant activity and its potential health benefits, including immune support, joint pain relief, and improved physical endurance.

Noni juice is noted for its high antioxidant content, which helps prevent cellular damage. Its main antioxidants, including beta carotene, iridoids, and vitamins C and E, contribute to its health benefits, potentially reducing the risk of chronic diseases like heart disease and diabetes. Studies also indicate that noni juice can enhance immune health, as evidenced by an 8-week study showing increased immune cell activity and reduced oxidative stress in participants.

Can Avoiding Sugar Slow Down Cancer? Promising Evidence

According to an article published by Punch News on June 23, 2024, there is a clear link between sugar consumption and cancer, leading scientists to draw two conclusions. The first conclusion is that the use of sugar contributes to the development of cancer, while the second is that avoiding sugar can help slow down the spread of cancer. Over the past century, sugar consumption has increased drastically. While people used to consume around two kilograms of sugar annually, the average person now consumes quantities of sugar that are 40 times higher, equivalent to 80 kilograms per year. Food manufacturers add large amounts of sugar, often in the form of high fructose corn syrup, to various products such as coffee drinks, cereal, soda, and snacks, as well as unexpected items like spaghetti sauce and peanut butter.

A groundbreaking study conducted by researchers at Anderson Cancer Centre of the University of South Florida revealed that feeding mice high fructose corn syrup in amounts comparable to human consumption led to higher rates of lung and breast cancer in the mice. This study suggests that sugar intake is significant not only in cancer prevention but also in the case of people who already have cancer. The article narrates the story of a patient diagnosed with widespread metastatic cancer who was given three months to live. In a last-ditch effort, the patient decided to try the ketogenic diet, which eliminates sugar and glucose from the diet. To his astonishment, his cancer completely regressed, and he was cured.

The ketogenic diet works by depriving cancer cells of their preferred fuel source, glucose. While healthy cells can switch to using ketone bodies as an alternative fuel when glucose is not available, cancer cells lack this metabolic flexibility. By preventing cancer cells from accessing glucose and sugar, they can be starved to death. The article emphasizes that it is crucial to spread awareness of the connection between cancer and sugar, as avoiding sugar and starch could potentially prevent or slow down cancer growth.

The article concludes by stating that avoiding sugar, refined wheat, and taking recommended vitamin D supplementation, along with moderate exercise, can work together to help people defeat cancer or even prevent its occurrence. The rising incidence of cancer in the country is highlighted, and the importance of educating people about this issue is stressed. The article also mentions the danger of relying on faith healing or superstition instead of scientific approaches to cancer treatment. Ultimately, sugar is identified as the primary culprit in cancer development and should be considered a major concern when it comes to food consumption.

Gluten-Free Living: A Path to Digestive Bliss and Radiant Skin

According to a post shared on May 13, 2024, by Punch News, the author's mother shared her personal experiences with gluten intolerance. During a festive period, the author's mother tasted the water from indomie (a popular brand of instant noodles) to check the seasoning, and the next day, she woke up with a swollen and painful foot. On another occasion, she experienced a similar reaction after being present while spaghetti was being cooked, even though she didn't consume it.

The author proceeds to discuss the symptoms of gluten-related disorders, which can include digestive issues, skin problems, neurological issues, weight loss, nutrient deficiencies, and more. To manage gluten intolerance, there are various gluten-free food options available. Fruits, vegetables, legumes, gluten-free grains (such as quinoa, buckwheat, and oats), animal proteins, nuts, seeds, spices, and healthy fats and oils are mentioned as gluten-free choices.

The author emphasizes the importance of reading food labels and avoiding gluten-containing grains like wheat, barley, and rye. They advise against consuming baked goods made from these grains and mention the possibility of gluten in seasonings, thickeners, marinades, and even medications. The difference between celiac disease and gluten intolerance is briefly explained, with gluten intolerance being described as a sensitivity rather than an autoimmune response.

The author suggests alternative flours for those with gluten intolerance, such as cassava flour, plantain flour, sorghum flour, millet flour, fonio (acha) flour, oat flour (if tolerated), white rice flour, brown rice flour, potato flour, almond flour, coconut flour, and corn flour. They highlight the importance of paying attention to the body's reactions to different foods and seeking medical advice for a proper diagnosis.

The author concludes by mentioning a study that suggests women are more commonly diagnosed with celiac disease and adds a lighthearted comment about instigating legal action against gluten if it were a person, given its higher prevalence in women.

Death Penalty for Drug Manufacturers and Traffickers Approved by Nigerian Senate

The Nigerian Senate has passed a bill approving the death penalty for individuals involved in the manufacture, processing, and trafficking of dangerous drugs in the country, as reported by Vanguard News on May 10, 2024. The Senate also agreed to impose a 15-year imprisonment without the option of a fine for drug consumers, taking into account the significant damage caused by substance and drug abuse in the nation.

The decision to amend the National Drug Law Enforcement Agency (NDLEA) Act was driven by the prevalence of substance abuse among Nigerian youth, often influenced by peer groups. Senator Mohammed Monguno presented the bill, which received consideration from the Committees on Judiciary, Human Rights and Legal Matters, as well as Drugs and Narcotics.

During the review process, the issue of penalty provisions arose, specifically the proposal to amend the punishment for drug traffickers from life imprisonment to the death penalty. Senator Ali Ndume and Senator Peter Nwebonyi raised this proposition under clause 11. Initially, the voice vote seemed to indicate the rejection of the amendment, but upon a second vote, Deputy Senate President Senator Barau Jibrin ruled in favor of the "ayes."

This decision sparked discontent among certain lawmakers, particularly Senator Adams Oshiomhole, who expressed concern about the hasty consideration and passage of the amended clause. Oshiomhole emphasized the importance of caution when dealing with legislation concerning matters of life. However, Jibrin rejected the objection, citing the lateness of the request and the failure to call for a division.

Once the bill is reconciled with the version passed by the House of Representatives, it will be sent to President Bola Tinubu for assent. Senator Mohammed Monguno, the Chairman of the Committee, stated that the amendment aims to address the pressing issue of drug abuse in the country. The death penalty is proposed for individuals involved in the manufacturing and processing of hard drugs, while jail terms are prescribed for drug consumers, with the intention of curbing the destructive impact of substance abuse, particularly among the youth population.